It was the result not only of missionary propaganda but also, after 1850, of the upsurge of French capitalism, which generated the need for overseas markets and the desire for a larger French share of the Asian territories conquered by the West. During 1866, Prussia went to war with France's indirect ally Austria, which was promptly defeated while French troops were still in Mexico unable to affect the situation in Europe. Coordinating the campaign was remarkably swift . Battle of France, (May 10-June 25, 1940), during World War II, the German invasion of the Low Countries and France. In the Pacific Coast, a naval squadron under de Kergrist was ready to cooperate with Douay's troops in Jalisco and sweep north towards Sinaloa. The country was divided into three great military districts the western, comprising the provinces north of Colima, including Durango and Chihuahua; the eastern, stretching from Aguascalientes and Tampico northward; and the central, embracing all the vast remainder to Chiapas. The Emperor and Empress of Mexico arrived in Veracruz in the summer of 1864 and were later crowned in the Cathedral of Mexico City. Having run out of ammunition and food, Ortega held a council of war, and it was agreed to surrender on 17 May, after destroying the remaining armament. As for Napoleon's empire, it would later collapse in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war. Why did France invade Portugal? Mexican Monarchist victory during the majority of the war: Mexican Republican victory in the final year: The second French intervention in Mexico (Spanish: Segunda intervencin francesa en Mxico), also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War (18611867),[15] was an invasion of the Second Federal Republic of Mexico, launched in late 1862 by the Second French Empire, at the invitation of Mexican conservatives. As a crew of over 500 boarded HMS Captain, none of them knew their fate was sealed. Cinco de Mayo History At the time, the country was in financial ruin after years of internal strife, and the new president was forced to default on debt payments to European governments. The cause of the war seems strangely trivial to modern readers. Mexican Generals Porfirio Diaz and Ignacio Zaragoza retreated to El Ingenio, and then headed towards Puebla.[27]. The Mexican army defeated the French, the best army in the world at the time, and it was the last time a foreign country invaded the "Americas" (Canada-Chile). [18] The emperor himself, however proved to be of liberal inclination and continued some of the Jurez government's most notable liberal measures. The Imperialists now focused on capturing the rest of the north, with troops under General Mejia campaigning along the northern Gulf Coast, and being supported by Charles Dupin's anti-guerilla corps at Tampico, and Aymard's brigade at San Luis Potosi. Why Did France Invade Vietnam? Republican Colonel Pedro Jos Mndez captured Ciudad Victoria on April 23d, the culmination of a campaign that had begun in January. . It was emphasized that the three powers merely wanted to open negotiations regarding their claims of damages. [104], In July, 1865 Arteaga had advanced towards Tacmbaro with three thousand men where he was routed by Lieutenant Colonel Van der Smissen with less than one thousand troops. Contents1 Why did [] He entered Chihuahua City, then serving as the provisional capital of the Mexican Republic, on 15 August, reorganized the administration, was able to drive President Juarez out, and also provided encouragement to the various Indian allies of the Empire in the region. [68] The former Republican General Jos Lpez Uraga sent a letter to Diaz hoping to win him over to the imperialist cause, arguing that guerrilla warfare was devastating the country and assuring Diaz that the independence of Mexico was secure under Maximilian. Cuautitln was raided in October, and Chalco and Tlalpan were left exposed to Republican incursions in December, while raiders harassed the stream of soldiers and refugees heading towards Vera Cruz. Imperialist Juan Chvez under the command of General Mejia defeated the liberal Tomas O'Horan on the road to Guanajuato. Miramon urged Maximilian to leave as well but, the latter chose to stay. Why Was 2 December Such a Special Day for Napoleon? Almonte now attempted to consolidate the Mexican pro-French movement. Sign up for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus and support this channel by following this link: http://ow.ly/HGk630njfSESign up for The Armchair Histo. It consisted of 453 men (including troops recruited from the Sudan), who were placed under the command of French commandant Mangin of the 3rd Zouave Regiment. 1861 In one of the stranger wars of modern times, the Second French Empire landed its troops in Mexico in 1861 which was the beginning of a bloody war that would drag on for another six years. Thodore Gudin's depiction of the Baudin's attack on San Juan de Ula in 1838 with Veracruz to the left. Stringer/Anadolu Agency via Getty ImagesTensions continue to mount between Russia and Moldova - a small country bordering on southwestern Ukraine that is seeking European Union membership. Mexico's victory at Puebla delayed, but did not completely halt, France's invasion of the country. [60] Republican troops drove him into Texas, but troops loyal to Viduarri remained active in the region. This timeline forms part of our close-up on: the Mexican campaign, 1862-1867.. 6 July 1832: Ferdinand Maximilian, second son of Archduke Franz Karl and Princess Sophie of Bavaria, was born in Schnbrunn, Austria.Sophie was known to have been close to the Duke of Reichstadt, son of Napoleon I, and it was rumoured that Maximilian was actually the son of the duke, and not of Franz Karl. [114], Monterey was evacuated by the Imperialists on 25 July 1865, and Saltillo on 4 August. The success inspired a republican incursion into Veracruz, succeeding in capturing Minatitln on 28 March. The liberal generals Uraga and Ortega remained in the vicinity but carried out no attacks. [113], The Republican commander Mendez who had raided communications between San Luis Potosi and the gulf was killed during an imperialist raid near Tampico. [35] The port of Tampico was captured by French vessels on 11 August. [62], On 12 November 1864, a French squadron under De Kergrist, arrived at Mazatlan, and demanded a surrender under the threat of bombardment. [117], Veracruz and the roads leading to them had been harassed by Republicans ever since the beginning of 1866, and the beginning of the French withdrawal. In response, France, Britain and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz, Mexico, demanding repayment. We will send you the latest TV programmes, podcast episodes and articles, as well as exclusive offers from our shop and carefully selected partners. "[157], At its peak in 1863, the French expeditionary force counted 38,493 men[6] :740 (which represented 16.25% of the French army). Vidaurrist troops captured Monterrey on 15 August 1864, with President Juarez barely escaping, and pursued as far as Parras in a bullet-riddled carriage. Butler, John Wesley (1918). [155] In 1866 General Philip Sheridan was in charge of transferring additional supplies and weapons to the Liberal army, including some 30,000 rifles directly from the Baton Rouge Arsenal in Louisiana. By the end of the year the imperialists controlled Nuevo Leon and the greater part of Coahuila to the banks of the Rio Grande. After many decades of civil wars, Mexico had finally exhausted itself and the general Porfirio Daz had forced peace through his regime with no big rebellions or coups occurring. [73], In Jalisco, Douay's operations resulted in Republican guerilla commander Antonio Rojas being killed on 28 January 1865 at Potrerillos. Respondo a las preguntas sobre, Mbappe, Bellingham o el precio que paga y cobra el Real Madrid con los fichajes y ventas de sus jugadores. Daz ran against interim president Sebastin Lerdo de Tejada, lost the election, and retired to his hacienda in Oaxaca. On 8 December 1861, the three navies disembarked their troops at the port city of Veracruz, on the Gulf of Mexico. The conflict began in 1861, when Benito Juarez, then the president of Mexico, stopped paying interest on the money he owed several countries, including France. Russian foreign ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in response, "About 'Never': France did not begin with Macron, and the remains of Napoleon, revered at the state level, rest in the centre of Paris. After reinforcements arrived the Republican forces led by Jos Lpez Uraga attempted to recapture Morelia, only to be defeated by Marquez. Veracruz was now the only gulf port left under imperialist control. Today, celebrations in Mexico are most widespread in the . The US didn't invade Europe until the Soviets had repelled the German invasion - 1,000 miles deep into the Soviet Union - and were on the verge of entering Eastern Europe. [133] As the liberals began to surround Queretaro, Marquez then suggested to flee to Mexico City, still held by the Imperialists, gather their forces and face the liberal armies in one final decisive battle, but this was deemed as impractical. [71] On 19 May, Salazar with four hundred men defeated a Franco-Mexican force of seven hundred at Los Reyes. Ortega had meanwhile been building up the town's fortifications, and on 10 March he put the town under martial law. President Abraham Lincoln expressed his sympathy to Latin American republics against any European attempt to establish a monarchy. There was an Imperialist victory at Papaloapan River, but by August, Tlacotalpan and Alvarado were surrendered to the Republicans. France invaded Mexico to try and get their money. There are probably several reasons for this imperialistic French attack. [143], The Imperialists now planned to fight their way out of Queretaro, and as preparation Miramon planned an attack on the Cimatario Hill on 27 April, to which he advanced with 2000 men. [99], Billot retired on 31 January from Chihuahua, leaving the city in charge of Indian allies, but it fell to Republican troops in March. : As a consequence of the large indebtedness acquired after both the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and the Reform Wars (1857-1861), the Mexican government faced such economic . He then took back Hermosillo on 4 May only to lose it to the Imperialists the day after. [66], Commander in Chief of the French Forces, Bazaine decided to lead the siege of Oaxaca City in person and by the end of January 1865, the besieging forces numbered seven thousand men. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Commandery of the state of Colorado, Denver. He was not able to be involved in the invasion of Normandy by was serving as a decoy. The resulting French invasion established the Second Mexican Empire (18641867). Juarez's debt moratorium finally provided a pretext for intervention. Troops were left in San Luis Potosi under Mejia, yet the small prospect of victory induced them to retreat on Christmas Eve to San Felipe in Guanajuato. The official reason for the invasion was Portugal's refusal to enforce the blockade of British trade known as the Continental System, but it also gave Napoleon a chance to infiltrate his armies into Spain, in preparation for his attack on that country in 1808. "I'm afraid to die" "I don't want to join the war". The French arrived on the 16 March and began the siege. With many of Mexicos citizens and conservative governing classes deeply religious, Maximilian a member of the Catholic Hapsburg family was invited to become the first Emperor of Mexico. He subsequently captured Ciudad Tula on 4 June, and cut off communications from the imperialist held Tampico[82], Bazaine dispatched generals Auguste Henri Brincourt and Baron Neigre towards the Mapimi border in order to go after Negrete. [69], The French colonel Mangin remained at Oaxaca and rearranged the civilian government. Chief Refugio Tnori arrived at Guaymas with reinforcements allowing the imperialists to win the Battle of lamos on 24 September, and then march into Hermosillo. Second French intervention in Mexico (1861-1867) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title French intervention in Mexico. Why did the France invade Mexico in the battle of puebla? Arms also flowed in from the U.S. states California and Texas along with mercenaries. France was victorious at the Battle of Puebla despite having lost the battle. From Ireland in the twelfth century to India in the nineteenth century, the English were convinced that colonialism was just because it spread Anglo-Saxon culture around the world. With Michael Simon Johnson. It was also a political and military disaster for Napoleon, who would be deposed after defeat by the Prussian Empire in 1870. The Empire would only last a few more months; forces loyal to Jurez captured Maximilian and executed him in June 1867, restoring the Republic.[18]. In contemporary French sources, he is referred to as Wallachian ("Valaque").[4][5]. Mejia was left with 500 men, and ultimately retreated on June 23d with all his men to Veracruz. On 31 January, the republican commander Nicols Romero was defeated at Apatzingn by Colonel Poiter with a loss of 200 men. French control of the country still centered on Veracruz and Mexico City but was gradually expanding. [63], The imperialist Juan Vicario was repulsed at Chilapa de lvarez, while on the way to replace the French garrison in the southern, Pacific port of Acapulco, and subsequently the port had to be evacuated and left to the Republicans in December. In response, the French army invaded Mexico and tried to take over the country. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. By the end of the Spring, the tide of the war had swung in their favour, with a force sent to relieve Puebla defeated at San Lorenzo, and both the besieged cities falling into French hands. The city was occupied on the 17. A republican revolt led by Ignacio Alatorre had been crushed in Papantla and Misantla, but with Republican successes further north, Alatorre rose up again, capturing Jalapa in November. [141], As any news of Marquez failed to arrive, a mission was sent to Mexico City to see what happened. Mexican Republican victory Fall of the Second Mexican Empire French withdrawal . The French retreated to Orizaba to await reinforcements. By creating a European Catholic Empire in the region, French ties with the Catholic Hapsburg Empire, which she had been at war with as recently as 1859, would grow stronger in a time of shifting power structures in Europe with Bismarcks Prussia growing ever-stronger. determined to convert these wild hordes of barbarians, and subject them to the cross of Christ; he therefore sent among them a number of Dominican and Franciscan missioners, and embassies of peace passed between the Pope, the King of France . In December 1861, Emperor Napoleon III invaded Mexico on a pretext that Mexico had refused to pay its foreign debt, though in retrospect, Emperor Napoleon III wanted to expand his empire in Latin-America and this became known as the Second French intervention in Mexico. Napoleon's Withdrawal from Mexico. Miramon escaped with Castillo and took refuge in Queretaro. In 1862, Mexico was having big problems and owed money to other countries, mainly France. Republican commanders were hopeful that surplus arms and Union troops would soon aid them. Campbell, Reau (1907). [126], On 27 January 1867, Miramon triumphantly captured Aguascalientes and nearly succeeded in capturing Juarez, the retreat of Governor Auza managing to save him. [120], On 19 December 1866, Napoleon III made it known that all troops would now be withdrawn, ahead of the previously laid out schedule. Beginnings. [29], Mexican Generals Florentino Lopez, Leonardo Marquez, and Juan Vicario sought to join the French, and Mexican republican forces suffered defeats at Barranca Seca and Cerro del Borrego in the vicinity of Orizaba.[30]. Republicans organized forces in the north with General Miguel Negrete gathering two thousand troops and in early April, capturing Saltillo, and Monterrey, which had been abandoned by the imperialists. Why did France invade Mexico where the battle took place? We should have thus been relieved from the obligation of resisting, even by force, should this become necessary, any attempt of these governments to deprive our neighboring Republic of portions of her territory, a duty from which we could not shrink without abandoning the traditional and established policy of the American people. Meanwhile, Colonel Pierre Joseph Jeanningros headed up from San Luis Potosi in order to rendezvous with imperialist forces at Saltillo. In just over six weeks, German armed forces overran Belgium and the Netherlands, drove the British Expeditionary Force from the Continent, captured Paris, and forced the surrender of the French government. Cuernavaca was captured by the imperialists on 29 July 1863. v. t. e. The second French intervention in Mexico ( Spanish: Segunda intervencin francesa en Mxico ), also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War (1861-1867), [15] was an invasion of the Second Federal Republic of Mexico, launched in late 1862 by the Second French Empire, at the invitation of Mexican conservatives. At a village meeting, Patton claimed that he believed the world would be ruled by Americans and the British as soon as the Germans and Japanese were defeated. [26], The French defeated a small Mexican force at Escamela, and then captured Orizaba. In 1838, in what may be the silliest war in history, France invaded Mexico--all because of a French pastry shop. In one of the stranger wars of modern times, the Second French Empire landed its troops in Mexico in 1861 which was the beginning of a bloody war that would drag on for another six years. Why did France invade Mexico? Mexican monarchists came up with the initial plan to return Mexico to a monarchical form of government, as it had been pre-independence and at its inception as an independent country., as the First Mexican Empire. Marquez was able to depart during the night with 1200 horsemen and Miramon now became the leading general at Queretaro. [64], The Imperialists however hoped to soon begin operations to dislodge Porfirio Diaz from his stronghold in the south, and began to survey the land and build roads. Miramon, who took command of the western district, had already set out to create his army, with little regard for the means to be employed, but Mejia in the east stood at the head of nearly 4,000 men; and Marquez, controlling the center, had 4,000 under Ramn Mndez in Michoacan, and fully 2,000 troops stationed at Puebla, Maximilian assumed the supreme command, and issued orders for the active formation of the new national army as well as militia. Robert H. Buck, Captain, Recorder. [1] Turkish officials have deported over 9,000 of these foreigners since 2011. The Father of History: Who Was Herodotus. Some liberal generals defected to the Empire, including the powerful, northern governor Santiago Vidaurri, who had fought on the side of Jurez during the Reform War. [102] The French withdrew from Guaymas in September, and around the same time Langberg was killed in a battle that led the Republicans to take the town of Ures. The conflict began in 1861, when Benito Juarez, then the president of Mexico, stopped paying interest on the money he owed several countries, including France. When the time arrived however, a false alarm arose that the Imperialist headquarters were under attack, leading to the assulat on San Gregorio to be put off. Such a treaty would have allowed U.S. construction in Mexico and protection from European forces in exchange for a payment of $4million to the heavily indebted government of Benito Jurez. The "Pastry War" was fought between France and Mexico from November 1838 to March 1839. A Mexican puppet General Almonte was installed as President, but Napoleon clearly decided that this in itself was not enough, for the following month the country was declared to be a Catholic Empire. Contents1 Why did Poland fall to [] Shortly after the establishment of the imperial government in April 1864, United States Secretary of State William H. Seward, while maintaining U.S. neutrality, expressed U.S. discomfort at the imposition of a monarchy in Mexico: "Nor can the United States deny that their own safety and destiny to which they aspire are intimately dependent on the continuance of free republican institutions throughout America."[152]. Basically, the battle is famous because the Mexicans weren't supposed to win. Why did France want Mexico? The route taken by the French . So, strictly speaking, these " invasions " were made against the Spanish crown and not against "Mexico" as a country."The Royal Ship . The town of Orizaba joined him and so did the port of Veracruz and Isla del Carmen. [159]:267, This corps was officially designated as the "Belgian Volunteers", but generally known as the "Belgian Legion". [47], On 19 March, the western Mexican commander Manuel Lozada, at the head of the Indian troops of the Tepic district sided with the imperialists. [70], Michoacan continued to be a Republican stronghold, serving as a base of operations for Nicols Rgules, es:Manuel Garca Pueblita, Carlos Salazar Ruiz, and Vicente Riva Palacio, with the latter being named governor by Arteaga who held supreme command of the regional forces. In May however, he resumed operations and made it into the Toluca region, finding allies around Zitacuaro and Guerrero. [2] As of late 2021, some 660 suspected ISIS members (around 50 women among them) and 189 children were awaiting deportation or removal to a third . Dan talks to Adam Zamoyski, a historian who has recently written a new biography of Napoleon. 8 December 1861 - 21 June 1867 (5 years, 6 months, 1 week and 6 days) Result. In less than a fortnight, the Wehrmacht swept through the country from the north. After receiving reinforcements in October, however, they were able to regain the initiative, with the major cities of Veracruz and Puebla still uncaptured. The imperialists evacuated the city on 19 December, and headed for Guanajuato. French military successes continued throughout 1864, as their superior navy and infantry bullied the Mexicans into submission and many Mexicans took up the Imperial cause against Juarezs supporters. As early as 1859, U.S. and Mexican efforts to ratify the McLane-Ocampo Treaty had failed in the bitterly divided U.S. Senate, where tensions were high between the North and the South over slavery issues. In other words, the Soviet Union had served its purpose in 1939 and 1940, protecting Germany's rear in the east. Mexico was in a bad state, limping like hurt prey and all the predators came out to take advantage. European states acknowledged the political legitimacy of the newly created monarchy, while the United States refused to recognize it.[17]. ; The Actual Organization of the Army Its Strength and Effectiveness. A few days later, the Republicans, Simn Gutirrez and Antonio Rojas were defeated near the American border by the Imperialist Carlos Rivas, with French reinforcements. Courtesy of the Arzobispado de Cuzco. [132], In the first council of war that had been held on 22 February, it had been agreed to fight the Republicans at once, before their combined forces became too strong, but ultimately this strategy, which historian Bancroft suggests could have achieved victory, was rejected at the behest of Marquez. [94] Maximilian however had convinced Bazaine to retain Chihuahua and an expedition of five hundred troops then towards the city led by Jean-Baptiste Billot. With the end of the official French presence, the intervention was technically over, and yet the Empire which French troops and their Mexican collaborators had set up would last for a few months more, with the same Mexican generals that had previously fought alongside the French continuing the play a leading role, along with hundreds of Frenchmen that remained as independent mercenaries. Napoleon urged Maximilian to flee, but the brave if hapless Emperor of Mexico the first and the last stayed until Juarez had him executed in June 1867, which brought the strange war for Mexico to a close. Nonetheless, due to the French withdrawal, the Republican General Aureliano Rivera captured Tampico in May. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link . [20] To realize his ambitions without interference from other European states, Napoleon III entered into a coalition with the United Kingdom and Spain. Maximilian commanded Bazaine to retake Chihuahua in May, and a new expedition was prepared, but new withdrawal instructions from France caused the expedition to be abandoned. Why did France invade Mexico in Battle of Puebla? Mexico City surrendered the day after Maximilian was executed. These northern states granted them the considerable revenue coming into the Pacific ports of Manzanillo, Mazatlan, and Guaymas. Mndez took advantage of the recently passed Black Decree to execute both of them. [85] but General Corona nonetheless pressed upon the imperialists and succeeded in driving French troops throughout Sinaloa back to Mazatln[86], After the defeat of Negrete, Brincourt had then proceeded towards Chihuahua with two thousand five hundred men. History Hit brings you the stories that shaped the world through our award winning podcast network and an online history channel. Captain Yarka of the Romanian Army served with the 3rd Regiment of Chasseurs d'Afrique as a volunteer, keeping the same rank. University of Texas. Battle of Puebla, (May 5, 1862), battle fought at Puebla, Mexico, between the army of the liberal government headed by Benito Jurez and the French forces sent by Napoleon III to establish a French satellite state in Mexico. The commander of troops at Bagdad, Juan Cortina then defected to the Imperialists.[59]. The three countries most affected by this - France, Britain and Mexico's old master Spain - were outraged, and in October 1861 they agreed to a joint intervention at the Treaty of London, where they would invade Veracruz in the south-east of the country in order to put pressure on Juarez. France - and Russia - should understand." The reference to Napoleon was in the context of his unsuccessful invasion of Russia . [81] They got as far as Matamoros upon which they retreated after being faced with General Toms Mejia and his French reinforcements. Sinaloa was left under the care of one regiment under Colonel Cotteret based in Guaymas, while the surrounding areas were entrusted to Indian allies. O'Horan would then switch sides and join the imperialists. [87] Out of fear that a border skirmish would occur with American forces, Bazaine ordered Brincourt to return to Durango within three weeks of reaching Chihuahua. Pg.XVII. [9]:231 Among these losses, 1,918 of the deaths were from the regiment of the French Foreign Legion. Pope Innocent IV. A few imperial prefects resigned, unable to govern or defend their respective departments without enough troops. French vessels succeeded in recapturing Acapulco on 11 September 1864. Colonel Gonzales, Manuel Castellanos, Desiderio Samaniego, Padre Miranda, and Haro Tamariz, and General Taboada arrived in Orizaba to support Almonte. [118], The capital itself became vulnerable in late 1866. With his support for the Republicans by force if necessary now clear, Napoleon began to consider the wisdom of pouring more troops into Mexico. Original music by Diane Wong, Elisheba Ittoop . Republican General Antonio Rosales was killed in August in an attempt to retake lamos. In addition, the French were suspicious of the growth and power of the United States in the North, which they saw as an extension of their rival empire Britains liberal Protestantism. He was initially not interested in the project due to the inevitable opposition that the effort would invite from the United States due to the Monroe Doctrine, a concern that would be rendered null with the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. [37] The imperialist Gavito, managed to disperse republican guerillas in Cuayuca, and the imperialist Jess Mara Visoso managed to defeat Republican guerillas at Puebla. Though heavy guerrilla resistance and events elsewhere would ultimately lead to their defeat, it is an interesting counterfactual to contemplate how history might have turned out differently if the US had had a powerful European-backed Empire on its southern border. Why did France invade Mexico in 1862?War and history, though not necessarily commendable, tend to go hand in hand. The British informed the Mexican government that they now intended to exit the country, and an arrangement was made with the British government to settle its claims. Is Cinco de Mayo an obligatory (mandated) federal holiday in Mexico? [88], On 1 October, the Republican government arranged a loan in New York for thirty million dollars. The agreement also officially recognized the government of Juarez along with Mexican sovereignty.[24]. On 8 May, at Battle of San Lorenzo, Bazaine and Marquez defeated Ignacio Comonfort who intended to provide reinforcements to Puebla. [21] French and British forces arrived on 7 January 1862. [23] The proposal to disembark most of the troops was rejected, but negotiations then resulted in an agreement, ratified on 23 January, to move the forces inland and hold a conference at Orizaba. Hosted by Michael Barbaro. Copy. 'A Dangerous Game' In December 1861, as the Confederacy and Union clashed, Emperor Napoleon III of France invaded Mexico. In July, reinforcements consisting of 30,000 men were sent out from France under the command of General Forey who was also given a set of instructions by Napoleon III laying out France's occupation policy.
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